International

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

What central banks do in the face of outside shocks

External shocks—ranging from commodity-price spikes, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and sudden stops of capital—pose immediate and diverse challenges for central banks. The appropr...

Investments and Business

What business models perform best in a slower-growth environment?

Business models that emphasize resilience in slower-growth economies

A slower-growth environment is characterized by modest demand expansion, cautious consumer spending, tighter capital markets, and heightened competition for existing customers. These conditions often follow economic maturity, demographic shifts, higher interest rates, or post-boo...